Related links:
- E. Armand—Main Page
- The Anarchist Individualist Initiation (English text only)
- Notes on “The Anarchist Individualist Initiation”
- E. Armand, “Qu’est-ce qu’un Anarchiste?” (1908)
- Le Rétif (Victor Serge), “To Be and to Appear” (1909)
- Eugène Bizeau, “Anarchist Individualist Initiation” (1924) [verse]
The Anarchist Individualist Initiation
E. ARMAND
E. Armand’s Anarchist Individualist Initiation (1923) is arguably one of the great “lost” classics of the anarchist tradition, not simply as one of the most extensive expositions of anarchist individualism, but as one of the more carefully elaborated treatments of anarchist thought in any form. Part manifesto and part textbook, it manages to be at once a very personal, appropriately individual statement and a sort of catechism—though a consciously pluralistic one. In giving this “attempt to reveal the multiple facets of the anarchist individualist thesis” the significant title of Initiation, Armand naturally invited some comparisons to the teachings of various religions. A few years later, the Encyclopédie Anarchiste, to which Armand was a contributor, would defined initiation in these terms:
INITIATION n. (from Latin initiatio) Act of initiating or of being initiated. Ceremony by which one was initiated into knowledge of and participation in certain mysteries in ancient religions and secret societies. By extension, introduction, first knowledge: artistic initiation, literary initiation.
In antiquity the initiation was the ceremony by which a candidate was admitted into the mysteries of some cult, which gave them the right to witness and participate in the honors rendered to the divinity that was the object of worship. All the religions have had their mysteries and, consequently, their initiates. It is through initiation that the ancient clergy was recruited, and the more mysterious the esoteric meaning of a cult was, the longer and more difficult were the trials judged necessary in order to be initiated. Secrecy was always imposed on the initiates. There were several degrees in the initiation, by which one arrived at the contemplation of the holy mysteries. Christianity has also had its initiates. In the Middle Ages, the adepts of magic were recruited through initiation, which was for them a security measure.
The associations created with a mystical aim are not the only one that have practiced initiation. It has also been practiced by schools of philosophy, as well as societies having a political or social goal: freemasonry, for example.
But the mysteries here are of an anti-authoritarian, anti-absolutist variety and we are encouraged, I think, to be as unfaithful to the letter of Armand’s text as we are to be faithful to its spirit. After all, even a much less individualistic thinker, Armand’s sometimes antagonist Jean Grave, would say of his own work:
Our dreams of the future society are in no way precise or unchanging, and, what’s more, the realization of one does not exclude the realization of others…
The translation here is a work-in-progress. I began with a French text that was substantially, but not always perfectly complete and only discovered some of its shortcomings well into the translation process. That means that, along with revisions of the translation itself, I am gradually checking the text against a rather fragile copy of the original publication. These working translations should be used with care, consulting the original French text that is provided.
— Shawn P. Wilbur
A la compagne, à l’amie qui, durant les quatre ans et demi de ma détention en maison centrale de Nîmes, n’a cessé un seul jour de se préoccuper d’adoucir mon sort ou d’abréger ma captivité
Je songe, en donnant le bon à tirer de ce livre, résumé et aboutissant de vingt ans de propagande et de combat pour les idées qui me sont chères.
E. ARMAND
l’Initiation
individualiste
anarchiste
To the companion, to the friend who, during the four and a half years of my detention in the Maison Centrale at Nîmes, did not cease for one day to worry about softening my lot or shortening my captivity:
I think of you, in presenting the proofs of this book, the summary and outcome of twenty years of propaganda and of combat for the ideas that are dear to me.
E. ARMAND
The anarchist
individualist
initiation
QUELQUES LIGNES D’INTRODUCTION
En 1908, je faisais éditer par le groupe des « Causeries Populaires », alors sous l’influence du compagnon Libertad, une étude intitulée Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste ? J’essayais d’y situer « l’anarchiste » par rapport à l’ambiance et à son propre milieu.
Depuis lors, les événements ont marché. En présence des malentendus et des confusions, l’idée me vint, au cours de la guerre qui a ravagé l’Europe, de situer non plus « l’anarchiste » – terme alors bien vague et prêtant à l’équivoque- mais l’anarchiste individualiste, par rapport au milieu social en général et à la thèse individualiste en particulier. La détention que je subis alors ne me permit pas de mener à bien mon projet. Il fut cependant réalisé en partie par la publication, en Espagne, d’un remaniement de mon premier travail sous le titre de El Anarquismo individualista, lo que es, puede y vale.
La crise achevée, les mêmes équivoques subsistent. Nombre des meilleurs d’entre les nôtres n’ont pas le temps de se reporter aux polémiques auxquelles a donné lieu « l’individualisme anarchiste » ; ils manquent des éléments, des références nécessaires pour dégager cet aspect de l’individualisme des gangues, des scories, des compromissions sous lesquelles on a voulu le ternir, le masquer, sinon l’escamoter. Cette œuvre-ci a en premier lieu pour but de fournir de l’Individualisme anarchiste – de son essence de ses revendications – une idée, une représentation, une perspective aussi claires que me le permet ma propre connaissance du sujet. Bien qu’après mûres réflexions j’aie cru bon de conserver un certain nombre de pages de « Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste » on s’apercevra bien vite qu’il s’agit de tout autre chose qu’une simple refonte dudit ouvrage. Il a pourtant ceci de commun avec lui que plusieurs des chapitres qui le composent ont été écrits en prison – au prix de quelles difficultés, hélas !
La caractéristique de ce volume, ce qui le distingue non seulement de Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste ? mais encore de tout ce qui a été publié jusqu’ici sur l’individualisme envisagé au point de vue antiautoritaire ou anarchiste, c’est son absence d’unilatéralisme, voire d’homogénéité. Les pages qui suivent ne développent pas une conception unique : elles exposent, décrivent ou tout au moins examinent les différentes manifestations de la pensée et de l’aspiration individualiste anti-autoritaire, du simple anti-étatisme à la pure négation sociétaire. La tendance qui veut que le « moi » s’exprime dans une raisonnable restriction des besoins et une simplification rationnelle de l’existence y occupe une place analogue à celle qui ne croit possible l’épanouissement du « moi » que dans l’intensification des désirs, la jouissance dionysiaque des joies de la vie (1). Ces manifestations diverses se répondent, se compensent, se concurrencent. Elles donnent à la conception individualiste, au sens où nous l’entendons, un caractère de souplesse et de flexibilité extraordinaire. Elles diffèrent tant qu’elles paraissent se contredire, elles semblent sur le point de s’exclure. Tout compte fait, contradictions et oppositions ne sont qu’apparentes. Un ciment commun les tient scellées ensemble : la négation, le rejet, la haine de la domination et de l’exploitation ; l’absence de l’obligation, de la sanction et de l’empiètement dans tous les domaines ; l’abolition de la contrainte grégaire sur l’initiative et t’impulsion individuelles.
On comprend les raisons qui ont fait donner à cet essai de révélation des faces multiples de la thèse individualiste anarchiste le titre significatif d’Initiation : appellation qui n’aurait eu aucun sens s’il n’avait été question que d’exposer un aspect unique de cet individualisme. Ceci ne m’a naturellement pas empêché d’émailler ce volume d’interprétations, de commentaires très personnels de « la façon de vivre » individualiste.
Mais, dans ma pensée, l’Initiation individualiste n’est pas simplement une prise de connaissance, une mise au courant du penser, du geste, du vouloir individualiste anarchiste. Ce livre-ci est un instrument de travail, un outil de propagande, une arme de combat. C’est ce qui explique les fréquentes répétitions, les redites nombreuses, les démonstrations renouvelées. Je n’ai pas voulu quitter un paragraphe, passer à un nouveau chapitre sans m’être efforcé de faire rendre au sujet tout ce qu’il pouvait, fût-ce au détriment du « style » (2).
Sans doute aucun, des opinions exprimées, des propositions énoncées, des points de vue exposés, certains sont à peine esquissés, d’autres trop développés ; pourtant, tel qu’il est, j’ai la conviction que cet ouvrage pourra amener plusieurs à se faire sur l’individualisme anarchiste une idée personnelle, dans tous les cas à méditer sérieusement sur les problèmes qui y sont posés ou envisagés (3).
1er octobre 1923.
E. Armand.
(1) L’Initiation individualiste anarchiste est divisée en deux parties, imprimées chacune en caractères un peu différents. La première traite plutôt des bases théoriques, la seconde des thèses pratiques de l’individualisme anarchiste. Hâtons-nous de faire remarquer que cette classification est assez arbitraire ; dans la réalité — du fat qu’elles sont le résultat des réflexions ou des expériences individuelles — pratique et théorie visent sans cesse à se trouver d’accord.
(2) On trouvera à la fin du volume un index alphabétique de références et de correspondances dont la compilation a été confiée aux soins de la camarade Germaine P… Il est conçu de façon à aider effectivement dans leurs recherches ceux des lecteurs de cet ouvrage qui le considèrent plus particulièrement comme un instrument d’étude.
(3) Il va sans dire que le terme « individualiste » employé seul s’entend exclusivement de l’individualiste antiautoritaire ou anarchiste; mention expresse est faite quand il en est autrement.
A FEW LINES OF INTRODUCTION
In 1908, I published a study entitled Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste? [What is an Anarchist?] through the group of “Causeries Populaires,” then under the influence of comrade Libertad. In it, I tried to situate “the anarchist” in relation to their environment and to their own milieu.
Since then, events have advanced. Faced with misunderstandings and confusions, the idea came to me, in the course of the war which ravaged Europe, to locate not the “anarchist”—a term then rather vague and lending itself to ambiguity—but the anarchist individualist, in relation to the social milieu in general and to individualist theory in particular. The detention to which I was then subject did not permit me to complete my project. However, it was realized in part by the publication, in Spanish, of a revision of my first work under the title El Anarquismo individualista, lo que es, puede y vale.
The crisis over, the same ambiguities remain. Many of the best among us do not have the time to look back on the controversies to which “anarchist individualism” has given rise. They lack some of the elements, some of the necessary references to rid that aspect of individualism of the dross, the slag, and the compromises under which some have wished to tarnish it, cloak it, if not make it disappear. In the first place, this work aims to furnish an idea, a representation and a perspective regarding anarchist individualism—its essence and its demands—as clear as my own knowledge of the subject allows. Although I have seen fit, after much thought, to retain a certain number of pages from Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste? the reader will quickly see that this is anything but a simple overhaul of that work. Like that volume, however, several of its chapters have been written in prison—at the cost of some difficulties, alas!
The distinctive character of this volume, what distinguishes it not only from Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste? but also from everything that has been published thus far on individualism envisioned from the anti-authoritarian point of view, is its lack of unilateralism, to say nothing of homogeneity. The pages that follow do not develop a single conception: they outline, describe, or at least examine the different manifestations of anti-authoritarian individualist thought and aspirations, from simple anti-statism to the pure negation of society. The tendency that wants the “self” to express itself in a reasonable restriction of needs and a rational simplification of its existence occupies a place in it analogous to that which believes that the flowering the of the “self” is only possible through the intensification of the desires, the Dionysian enjoyment of the pleasures of life. [1] These diverse manifestations respond to, compensate for and compete with one another. They give to the individualist idea, as we understand it, a character of extraordinary grace and flexibility. They differ so much that they appear contradictory. They almost seem mutually exclusive. All things considered, however, the contradictions and oppositions are only apparent. A common bond keeps them cemented together: the negation, rejection, and hatred of domination and exploitation; the absence of obligation, sanction, and encroachment in every domain; the abolition of the constraint of the herd on individual initiative and impulse.
You will understand the reasons that this attempt to reveal the multiple facets of the anarchist individualist thesis has been given the significant title of Initiation: a name that would have been meaningless if it had only been a question of explaining a single aspect of that individualism. That has naturally not prevented me from peppering this volume with very individual interpretations and commentaries on the individualist “way of life.”
But, in my thought, the Individualist Initiation is not simply an acknowledgment, or a briefing, on anarchist individualist thoughts, deeds, and will. This work is an instrument of labor, a tool of propaganda, and a weapon of combat. This explains the frequent repetitions, the numerous retellings, and the repeated demonstrations. I have not wanted to end a paragraph, to pass to a new chapter without striving to say all that could be said on the subject, even at the expense of “style.” [2]
Doubtless, some of the opinions expressed, the propositions set down, and the points of view explained are barely outlined, while others are too developed; however, such as it is, I am convinced that this work could lead many to develop their own idea of anarchist individualism or in any case to meditate seriously on the problems that are posed or considered here. [3]
October 1, 1923.
E. Armand.
[1] The Anarchist Individualist Initiation is divided into two parts, each printed in slightly different type. The first treats the theoretical bases, and the second some practical theses of anarchist individualism. Let us be quick to note that this classification is somewhat arbitrary; in reality–because they are the result of reflection or individual experience–practice and theory constantly aim to find agreement.
[2] At the end of the volume, the reader will find an alphabetical index of references and connections, the compilation of which has been entrusted to the care of comrade Germaine P… It is conceived in a manner to effectively aid in their research, those of the readers of this work who consider it more particularly as an instrument of study.
[3] It goes without saying that the term individualist, used alone, indicates exclusively the anti-authoritarian or anarchist individualist; explicit mention is made where this is not the case.
TABLE MÉTHODIQUE DES MATIÈRES
Première partie — Les bases théoriques de l’individualisme anarchiste.
I. Esquisses du Milieu Social. L’Autorité néfaste.
1. Le milieu social. — 2. La course à l’apparence. — 3. La complexité du problème humain. — 4. A qui ce livre n’est pas destiné. — 5. A qui s’adresse cet ouvrage. — 6. Notre position.
II. Les réformateurs et les transformateurs du milieu social.
7. La douleur universelle. — 8. Réformateurs et transformateurs religieux. — 9. L’expiation, le péché, le sacrifice. — 10. L’aboutissant religieux. — 11. L’idéal des réformateurs religieux. — 12. Réformateurs et transformateurs légalitaires. — 13. La loi et le « bon citoyen ». — 14. Origine de la loi. — 15. La loi dans son application. — 16. L’idéal légalitaire. — 17. Réformateurs et transformateurs économiques. — 18. Les origines du socialisme. Les précurseurs socialistes. — 19. Le fait économique. — 20. Les divers aspects du socialisme. — 21. Importance du socialisme. — 22. Le syndicalisme. — 23. L’organisation. — 24. La dictature du prolétariat. — 25. L’idéal socialiste.
III. L’Anarchisme. L’individualisme antiautoritaire ou anarchiste. Ses aspirations.
26. L’anarchisme. — 27. Définition : anarchie, anarchiste, anarchisme. — 28. Origine de l’anarchisme. — 29. L’anarchisme et la première Internationale. — 30. Les anarchistes et la société. — 31. L’individualisme anarchiste. — 32. Le fait individuel. — 33. Le domaine du « Moi ». — 34. La pensée et l’œuvre individualiste. — 35. Propriété du moyen de production et libre disposition du produit. — 36. Les individualistes et le révolutionnarisme systématique. — 37. Conditions d’existence et d’évolution de l’Individualiste. — 38. « Notre » individualiste. — 39. Les aspirations individualistes anarchistes.
IV. Les individualistes et les réformateurs du milieu social. La loi du progrès continu.
40. Dernières arguties des réformateurs religieux. — 41. Mon athéisme. — 42. Le contrat social. — 43. Arguties des démocrates et des révolutionnaires de dictature. — 44. Démocratie égale dictature. — 45. Producteurs inutiles et consommations superflues. — 46. La loi du progrès continu.
Deuxième partie — Les thèses pratiques de l’individualisme anarchiste.
V. Le Christianisme et les Individualistes. La tournure d’esprit païenne.
47. Le christianisme primitif. — 48. Le fondateur du christianisme et son œuvre. — 49. Saul de Tarse. L’influence grecque. — 50. Une irrémédiable incompatibilité. — 51. Le communisme des premiers chrétiens. — 52. La tournure d’esprit païenne.
VI. L’Autorité, la Domination, l’Exploitation : Origine, Evolution, Aspects et Définitions.
53. Les individualistes anarchistes et l’autorité. — 54. Que faut-il entendre par domination ? Qu’est-ce que l’autorité ? — 55. L’exercice de l’autorité. — 56. Origine et évolution de la domination. — 57. Insuffisance de l’expression « domination de l’homme sur l’homme. » — 58. Que faut-il entendre par exploitation ? — 59. Esclavage et salariat. — 60. L’exploiteur et l’exploité. — 61. L’abolition de l’exploitation. L’exploitation corollaire de la domination. — 62. Insuffisance de l’expression « exploitation de l’homme par l’homme . » Nouvelles définitions de l’exploitation. — 63. Le cas de contribution ou rétribution volontaire. La caractéristique de l’exploitation. — 64. Les exploités « volontaires.
VII. L’Individualisme anarchiste et le Communisme. L’idée de valeur. Les revendications individualistes dans le domaine économique.
65. Critique du communisme. — 66. La mise et la prise au tas. — 67. La possession du moyen de production et la libre disposition du produit. — 68. Point de vue individualiste de l’association. — 69. Le Producteur rationnel et la production rationalisée. — 70. Le nivellement perpétuel. — 71. La thèse individualiste dans le domaine économique. — 72. Un point de vue individualiste de la valeur. — 73. Valeur intrinsèque et Valeur mesurable. — 74. La Valeur mesurable et le point de vue individualiste. — 75. Définition actuelle de la Valeur mesurable. — 76. Abolition de la Valeur mesurable. — 77. L’abolition de la valeur mesurable et ses conséquences. — 78. Les Bons de consommation. — 79. Influence du Monopole et du Privilège dans la fixation actuelle de la valeur. — 80. Une définition individualiste de la valeur. — 81. Régulateurs de la valeur. — 82. raison d’être de la valeur mesurable. — 83. Divers étalons de la mesure de la valeur. — 84. Autre opinion individualiste sur la valeur. Objections. Le rôle de la mentalité dans l’absence de contrainte. — 85. L’être et l’avoir condition d’exercice de la réciprocité. — 86. L’absence de réciprocité comme caractéristique de l’exploitation. — 87. La libre disposition du produit et l’objection de l’accumulation. — 88. Le contrat de travail. — 89. Les revendications individualistes dans le domaine économique.
VIII. L’effort, le parasitisme, la joie de vivre. Les besoins factices.
90. Théorie de l’effort. — 91. Les parasites. — 92. Les inaptes à l’effort. — 93. Les applications immédiates de l’effort. — 94. Comment la vie est belle à vivre. — 95. Le « moi » et la jouissance de vivre. — 96. Qu’est-ce que vivre ? — 97. Vivre pour vivre. — 98. Jouir physiquement. — 99. Les ancêtres. Le suicide. — 100. Les vertus les « vices » la restriction des besoins. — 101. L’éducation de la volonté. — 102. La question des stimulants. — 103. Anti-autoritarisme d’abord.
IX. Volonté de vivre et Volonté de se reproduire. La propagande individualiste.
104. La « volonté de se reproduire. » — 105. Théorie de la propagande individualiste anarchiste. — 106. La propagande vraie. — 107. Les procédés et les résultats de la propagande individualiste. — 108. Le péril médiocratique et les deux propagandes.
X. L’Individualiste anarchiste comme réagisseur et comme réfractaire.
109. Théorie de la réaction individualiste au sein du milieu. — 110. Persistance de la lutte contre l’uniformisme et le conformisme. — 111. Réagir ou périr. — 112. La vie et la Société. — 113. L’individualiste considéré comme réfractaire. — 114. L’attitude individualiste devant la science. — 115. La famille, la patrie. — 116. L’individualiste devant les contingences sociales. — 117. La ruse comme arme défensive. — 118. Aspects et résultats divers de l’attitude individualiste.
XI. Le geste révolutionnaire et l’esprit de révolte.
119. Les individualistes et l’action révolutionnaire. — 120. La révolution et l’armée. — 121. La « révolution » individuelle. — 122. L’attentat individuel et l’ « attentäter » — 123. L’abstentionnisme. La résistance passive. — 124. Absence de dogmatisme à l’égard du geste révolutionnaire. — 125. L’individualiste comme un révolutionnaire à l’état permanent. — 126. Coopération des Individualistes à l’action révolutionnaire.
XII. Le pis aller illégaliste.
127. Théorie de « l’illégalisme individualiste ». — 128. Distinctions et critérium indispensables. — 129. Les gestes illégaux question de tempérament. — 130. Le meilleur camarade. Le « réfractaire économique ». La déformation professionnelle. — 131. Des attitudes héroïques. — 132. Valoir moins, valoir autant, valoir mieux. — 133. Les Réserves que soulèvent la pratique de l’illégalisme.
XIII. Le problème de la transgression et l’abolition de la répression.
134. Y aura-t-il toujours des transgresseurs ? Le transgresseur dans la marche de l’humanité. La transgression en milieu individualiste. — 135. La persistance du délit et l’inévitable sanction. La non résistance. Le transgresseur comme son propre juge. — 136. Procédés individualistes en vue d’abolir la transgression. — 137. L’arbitrage volontaire. — 138. Critique individualiste du mécanisme judiciaire. — 139. Les transgressions dans la société actuelle et en milieu individualiste. — 140. L’échec de la répression pénale et les solutions individualistes.
XIV. La vie comme expérience et les réalisations individualistes.
141. Différentes conceptions de la vie. — 142. Une conception individualiste de la vie. — 143. Conditions, phases, valeur de l’expérience. — 144. Bien vivre et mourir bien. — 145. Aspects divers de la vie considéré comme une expérience. — 146. La publicité de l’expérience. — 147. L’individualiste anarchiste et le fait économique. — 148. Comment l’individualiste se réalise “économiquement” dans le milieu social actuel. — 149. Des réalisations en marge de la société. — 150. Esquisse des conditions d’existence d’une “colonie individualiste”.
XV. La vie intérieure, sensibilité et le sentimentalisme individualiste. Le problème de l’éducation.
151. La vie intérieure. — 152. L’art pour l’artiste. — 153. L’exagération “raisonnable”. — 154. Le critérium de la diminution intérieure. — 155. La sensibilité individualiste. — 156. L’individualiste et les élans du cœur. — 157. “L’idéalisme” individualiste. — 158. La reddition de comptes. — 159. La maison de verre. — 160. L’évolution des opinions. — 161. L’absolu. Le relatif. La doctrine. La formule. — 162. Le problème de l’éducation. L’initiation individualiste. — 163. Initiateur et non Éducateur. Le vrai sens de la vie. — 164. Aspects pratiques de l’initiation individualiste.
XVI. La solidarité. La sociabilité La camaraderie
165. L’obligatoire solidarité. — 166. Les individualistes et la solidarité imposée. — 167. La Solidarité volontaire. — 168. De la solidarité imposée. — 169. Les individualistes anarchistes considérés comme une “espèce”. — 170. L’entr’aide dans l’espèce. La camaraderie. — 171. L’individualiste et les « frères inférieurs ». — 172. Vie privée et vie publique. — 173. Les concessions au milieu. — 174. Considérations sur la pratique de la camaraderie. — 175. Nécessité de la critique des idées. — 176. La déception de la camaraderie. — 177. Mes ennemis et mes amis. — 178. Citoyen de « mon » monde.
XVII. La réciprocité.
179. Recherche d’une base individualiste anarchiste des rapports et accords entre les hommes. — 180. Théorie de la réciprocité. — 181. Donner et recevoir. Aspects de leur équivalence. — 182. Objections à la pratique individualiste de la méthode de la réciprocité. — 183. La réciprocité dans la nature. — 184. La réciprocité volontaire. — 185. La question de la réciprocité telle que les individualistes la posent.
XVIII. Le contrat. L’association. Le garantisme.
186. Le contrat individualiste. — 187. Caractère anti-autoritaire du contrat individualiste. — 188. De la rupture du contrat. — 189. Objections à la dissolution du contrat. La rupture imposée. — 190. Du contrat passé avec les autoritaires. — 191. Thèse de l’association entre individualistes. — 192. Pourquoi et comment s’associer. — 193. Y a-t-il avantage à s’associer. — 194. L’association comme « la chose » de l’associé. — 195. Des moyens de « garantir » l’associé. — 196. Les caractéristiques de l’association individualiste. — 197. « Contrat d’association » et contrat social. — 198. L’application actuelle de l’association individualiste. — 199. Quand tu t’associes… — 200. Le risque. — 201. Analyse du risque héroïque. — 202. Thèse du garantisme. — 203. « Le garantisme » dans l’ambiance sociale. — 204. Point de vue individualiste du garantisme. — 205. Pratique individualiste du garantisme. — 206. Applications dont le garantisme est immédiatement susceptible. — 207. Garantisme appliqué et solidarité volontaire. — 208. Garantisme et réformisme individualiste.
XIX. L’équité au point de départ. La concurrence. La méthode d’égale liberté.
209. L’inégalité naturelle. — 210. Equité « au point de départ » et rétablissement de l’équité « en cours de route ». — 211. Inégalité économique et nouvelle mentalité. — 212. Tolérance et réciprocité. — 213. Concurrence et non tolérance. — 214. Thèse de la concurrence individualiste. — 215. « La liberté de concurrence » individualiste. — 216. Résultats de l’uniformisme industriel — 217. L’exercice de la concurrence. — 218. La méthode de l’égale liberté. Esquisse d’une table des revendications individualistes.
XX. La question des rapports sexuels et le point de vue individualiste.
219. Considérations sur l’idée de liberté. — 220. Qu’est-ce que l’amour ? — 221. Clarté du point de vue individualiste. — 222. Le milieu social et les relations sexuelles. — 223. Théorie de la liberté sexuelle. — 224. Nuances et aspects de la vie sexuelle. — 225. L’éducation sexuelle. — 226. La cohabitation. — 227. La jalousie. — 228. Le stimulant sexuel. — 229. Obscénité, pudeur et émancipation sexuelle. — 230. Les détracteurs de la libre discussion en matière sexuelle. — 231. Une opinion autorisée. — 232. Lettre ouverte à une jeune camarade.
XXI. Le fait historique, le fait économique et l’attitude individualiste.
233. Les individualistes et l’histoire. Panorama de l’évolution historique contemporaine. — 234. Le travail. — 235. La production, la consommation. — 236. La spéculation et la mentalité du producteur. — 237. Le travailleur en régime de « contrainte sociale ». — 238. Le travailleur manuel. — 239. L’ouvriérisme, les syndicats. — 240. L’ouvriérisme et la production individuelle. — 241. Artiste ou manœuvre ? — 242. Syndiqué et non syndicaliste. — 243. L’individualiste et « sa » question économique.
XXII. Les inconséquences. Les défaillances. Les reculs. Les découragements.
244. Capacité de pensée et incapacité de réalisation. — 245. Les inconséquences des individualistes. — 246. Désillusions plurales et mécomptes individuels. — 247. L’effort persévérant vers la concordance entre la théorie et la pratique. — 248. Le « mauvais camarade ». — 249. Les découragements. Examen critique de leurs causes. — 250. L’ « harmonie » individualiste. — 251. Les « déchéants » de l’individualisme. — 252. La farce de la « révolution individuelle ». — 253. « La Tour d’Ivoire ». Une calomnie réfutée. — 254. Je n’ai pas toujours qu’une opinion. — 255. Aie foi en toi.
XXIII. La Lutte pour la vie individualiste.
256. « Leur » lutte. — 257. L’activité critique des individualistes. — 258. Nier pour s’affirmer. — 259. L’objection de l’individualisme bourgeois. — 260. L’objection de l’insuffisance économique. — 261. L’objection de l’attitude stérile. — 262. Je suis susceptible.
XXIV. Les propagandes à côte.
263. L’individualiste et les « spécialités ». — Le féminisme. — 265. Le néo-malthusianisme. — 266. Le naturisme. — 267. Est-ce cela que vous appelez « vivre » ? — 268. Les questions d’hygiène et d’alimentation.
XXV. Vers une humanité nouvelle ?
269. La question de la « société future ». — 270. Les conducteurs de civilisation et la réalisation du bonheur. — 271. L’individualiste par rapport à l’humanité future. — 272. Les directives de l’« humanité future ». — 273. La mentalité de l’« humanité future ». — 274. La propagande indispensable à l’avènement de « l’humanité future ». — 275. Le retour à « l’ordre naturel ». — 276. Les faux annonciateurs de « l’humanité future ». — 277. Attitude négative de certains individualistes à l’égard de « l’humanité future. » — 278. En flagrant délit de société futurisme ? — 279. La liberté comme ultime solution.
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part One — The Theoretical Bases of Anarchist Individualism.
I. Sketches of the Social Milieu. Harmful Authority.
1. The social milieu. — 2. The race for appearance. — 3. The complexity of the human problem. — 4. For whom this book is not intended. — 5. To whom this work is addressed. — 6. Our position.
II. The reformers and transformers of the social milieu.
7. Universal sorrow. — 8. Religious reformers and transformers. — 9. Atonement, sin, sacrifice. — 10. The religious outcome. — 11. The ideal of the religious reformers. — 12. Egalitarian reformers and transformers. — 13. The law and the “good citizen.” — 14. Origin of the law. — 15. The law in its application. — 16. The legalistic ideal. — 17. Economic reformers and transformers. — 18. The origins of socialism. The socialist precursors. — 19. The economic fact. — 20. The various aspects of socialism. — 21. Importance of socialism. — 22. Syndicalism. — 23. Organization. — 24. The dictatorship of the proletariat. — 25. The socialist ideal.
III. Anarchism. Anti-authoritarian or anarchist individualism. Its aspirations.
26. Anarchism. — 27. Definition: anarchy, anarchist, anarchism. — 28. Origin of anarchism. — 29. Anarchism and the First International. — 30. The anarchists and society. — 31. Anarchist Individualism. — 32. The individual fact. — 33. The domain of the “Self.” — 34. Individualist work and thought. — 35. Property in the means of production and free disposition of the product. — 36. The individualists and systematic revolutionaryism. — 37. Conditions for the existence and evolution of the Individualist. — 38. “Our” individualist. — 39. Anarchist individualist aspirations.
IV. Les individualistes et les réformateurs du milieu social. La loi du progrès continu.
40. Dernières arguties des réformateurs religieux. — 41. Mon athéisme. — 42. Le contrat social. — 43. Arguties des démocrates et des révolutionnaires de dictature. — 44. Démocratie égale dictature. — 45. Producteurs inutiles et consommations superflues. — 46. La loi du progrès continu.
Part Two. — The practical theses of anarchist individualism.
V. Christianity and the Individualists. The pagan way of thinking..
47. Primitive Christianity. — 48. The founder of Christianity and his work. — 49. Saul of Tarsus. The Greek influence. — 50. An irremediable incompatibility. — 51. The communism of the first Christians. — 52. The pagan way of thinking.
VI. L’Autorité, la Domination, l’Exploitation : Origine, Evolution, Aspects et Définitions.
53. Anarchist individualists and authority. — 54. What is meant by domination? What is authority? — 55. The exercise of authority. — 56. Origin and evolution of domination. — 57. Insufficiency of the expression “domination of man over man.” — 58. What is meant by exploitation? — 59. Slavery and wage labor. — 60. The exploiter and the exploited. — 61. The abolition of exploitation. Exploitation, the corollary of domination. — 62. Insufficiency of the expression “exploitation of man by man.” New definitions of exploitation. — 63. The case of voluntary contribution or remuneration. The characteristic of exploitation. — 64. The “voluntary” exploited.
VII. Anarchist Individualism and Communism. The Idea of Value. Individualist Claims in the Economic Domain.
65. Critique of Communism. — 66. Putting and Taking in the Heap. — 67. Ownership of the Means of Production and Free Disposition of the Product. — 68. Individualist Point of View of Association. — 69. The Rational Producer and Rationalized Production. — 70. Perpetual Leveling. — 71. The Individualist Thesis in the Economic Field. — 72. An Individualist Point of View of Value. — 73. Intrinsic Value and Measurable Value. — 74. Measurable Value and the Individualist Point of View. — 75. Current Definition of Measurable Value. — 76. Abolition of Measurable Value. — 77. The Abolition of Measurable Value and Its Consequences. — 78. Consumption Coupons. — 79. Influence of Monopoly and Privilege in the Current Fixation of Value. — 80. An Individualist Definition of Value. — 81. Regulators of value. — 82. Reason for being of measurable value. — 83. Various standards for measuring value. — 84. Another individualist opinion on value. Objections. The role of mentality in the absence of constraint. — 85. Being and having as a condition for exercising reciprocity. — 86. The absence of reciprocity as a characteristic of exploitation. — 87. Free disposal of the product and the objection of accumulation. — 88. The employment contract. — 89. Individualist demands in the economic domain.
VIII. Effort, parasitism, the joy of living. Artificial needs.
90. Theory of effort. — 91. Parasites. — 92. Those unfit for effort. — 93. Immediate applications of effort. — 94. How life is beautiful to live. — 95. The “I” and the enjoyment of living. — 96. What is living? — 97. Living for the sake of living. — 98. Enjoying physically. — 99. Ancestors. Suicide. — 100. Virtues, “vices,” the restriction of needs. — 101. The education of the will. — 102. The question of stimulants. — 103. Anti-authoritarianism first.
IX. Will to live and will to reproduce. Individualist propaganda.
104. The “will to reproduce.” — 105. Theory of anarchist individualist propaganda. — 106. True propaganda. — 107. The processes and results of individualist propaganda. — 108. The mediocre peril and the two propagandas.
X. The Anarchist Individualist as Reactor and as Refractory.
109. Theory of individualistic reaction within the environment. — 110. Persistence of the fight against uniformity and conformism. — 111. React or perish. — 112. Life and Society. — 113. The individualist considered refractory. — 114. The individualistic attitude towards science. — 115. The family, the homeland. — 116. The individualist before social contingencies. — 117. Cunning as a defensive weapon. — 118. Various aspects and results of the individualistic attitude.
XI. The revolutionary gesture and the spirit of revolt.
119. Individualists and revolutionary action. — 120. Revolution and the army. — 121. Individual “revolution.” — 122. Individual attack and “attentäter” — 123. Abstentionism. Passive resistance. — 124. Absence of dogmatism with regard to the revolutionary gesture. — 125. The individualist as a permanent revolutionary. — 126. Cooperation of the individualists in revolutionary action.
XII. The illegalist last resort.
127. Theory of “individualistic illegalism”. — 128. Indispensable distinctions and criteria. — 129. Illegal actions: a question of temperament. — 130. The best comrade. The “economic refractory”. Professional deformation. — 131. Heroic attitudes. — 132. Worth less, worth as much, worth more. — 133. The reservations raised by the practice of illegalism.
XIII. The problem of transgression and the abolition of repression.
134. Will there always be transgressors? The transgressor in the march of humanity. Transgression in an individualistic environment. — 135. The persistence of the offence and the inevitable sanction. Non-resistance. The transgressor as his own judge. — 136. Individualistic procedures with a view to abolishing transgression. — 137. Voluntary arbitration. — 138. Individualistic criticism of the judicial mechanism. — 139. Transgressions in today’s society and in an individualistic environment. — 140. The failure of penal repression and individualistic solutions.
XIV. Life as experience and individualist achievements.
141. Different conceptions of life. — 142. An individualist conception of life. — 143. Conditions, phases, value of experience. — 144. Living well and dying well. — 145. Various aspects of life considered as an experience. — 146. The publicity of experience. — 147. The anarchist individualist and the economic fact. — 148. How the individualist realizes himself “economically” in the current social environment. — 149. Achievements on the margins of society. — 150. Outline of the conditions of existence of an “individualist colony.”
XV. Inner life, sensitivity and individualistic sentimentality. The problem of education.
151. The Inner Life. — 152. Art for the Artist. — 153. “Reasonable” Exaggeration. — 154. The Criterion of Inner Diminution. — 155. Individualistic Sensitivity. — 156. The Individualist and the Impulses of the Heart. — 157. Individualistic “Idealism.” — 158. Accountability. — 159. The Glass House. — 160. The Evolution of Opinions. — 161. The Absolute. The Relative. The Doctrine. The Formula. — 162. The Problem of Education. Individualistic Initiation. — 163. Initiator and not Educator. The True Meaning of Life. — 164. Practical Aspects of Individualistic Initiation.
XVI. Solidarity. Sociability. Camaraderie
165. Compulsory Solidarity. — 166. Individualists and Imposed Solidarity. — 167. Voluntary Solidarity. — 168. On Imposed Solidarity. — 169. Anarchist Individualists Considered as a “Species.” — 170. Mutual Aid in the Species. Comradeship. — 171. The Individualist and the “Inferior Brothers.” — 172. Private Life and Public Life. — 173. Concessions to the Environment. — 174. Considerations on the Practice of Comradeship. — 175. Necessity of Criticism of Ideas. — 176. The Disappointment of Comradeship. — 177. My Enemies and My Friends. — 178. Citizen of “My” World.
XVII. Reciprocity.
179. Search for an anarchist individualist basis for human relations and agreements. — 180. Theory of reciprocity. — 181. Giving and receiving. Aspects of their equivalence. — 182. Objections to the individualist practice of the method of reciprocity. — 183. Reciprocity in nature. — 184. Voluntary reciprocity. — 185. The question of reciprocity as posed by individualists.
XVIII. Contract. Association. Guarantism.
186. The individualist contract. — 187. Anti-authoritarian character of the individualist contract. — 188. On the termination of the contract. — 189. Objections to the dissolution of the contract. The imposed termination. — 190. On the contract made with authoritarians. — 191. Thesis of the association between individualists. — 192. Why and how to associate. — 193. Is there an advantage in associating. — 194. The association as the “thing” of the associate. — 195. Means of “guaranteeing” the associate. — 196. The characteristics of the individualist association. — 197. “Contract of association” and social contract. — 198. The current application of the individualist association. — 199. When you associate… — 200. The risk. — 201. Analysis of heroic risk. — 202. Thesis of guarantism. — 203. “Guaranteeism” in the social atmosphere. — 204. Individualist point of view of guarantism. — 205. Individualist practice of guarantism. — 206. Applications of which guarantism is immediately susceptible. — 207. Applied guarantism and voluntary solidarity. — 208. Guarantism and individualist reformism.
XIX. Equity at the starting point. Competition. The method of equal freedom.
209. Natural inequality. — 210. Equity “at the starting point” and restoration of equity “en route”. — 211. Economic inequality and new mentality. — 212. Tolerance and reciprocity. — 213. Competition and non-tolerance. — 214. Thesis of individualist competition. — 215. Individualist “freedom of competition”. — 216. Results of industrial uniformity. — 217. The exercise of competition. — 218. The method of equal freedom. Outline of a table of individualist demands.
XX. The question of sexual relations and the individualist point of view.
219. Considerations on the Idea of Freedom. — 220. What is Love? — 221. Clarity of the Individualist Point of View. — 222. The Social Environment and Sexual Relations. — 223. Theory of Sexual Freedom. — 224. Nuances and Aspects of Sexual Life. — 225. Sexual Education. — 226. Cohabitation. — 227. Jealousy. — 228. The Sexual Stimulant. — 229. Obscenity, Modesty, and Sexual Emancipation. — 230. The Detractors of Free Discussion on Sexual Matters. — 231. An Authoritative Opinion. — 232. Open Letter to a Young Comrade.
XXI. The historical fact, the economic fact and the individualistic attitude.
233. Individualists and History. Panorama of Contemporary Historical Development. — 234. Work. — 235. Production, Consumption. — 236. Speculation and the Producer Mentality. — 237. The Worker in a Regime of “Social Constraint.” — 238. The Manual Worker. — 239. Workerism, Unions. — 240. Workerism and Individual Production. — 241. Artist or Laborer? — 242. Union Member and Non-Unionist. — 243. The Individualist and “His” Economic Question.
XXII. Inconsistencies. Failures. Setbacks. Discouragements.
244. Capacity for thought and incapacity for achievement. — 245. The inconsistencies of individualists. — 246. Multiple disillusionments and individual disappointments. — 247. The persevering effort towards concordance between theory and practice. — 248. The “bad comrade.” — 249. Discouragements. Critical examination of their causes. — 250. Individualist “harmony.” — 251. The “decaying” of individualism. — 252. The farce of the “individual revolution.” — 253. “The Ivory Tower.” A slander refuted. — 254. I do not always have only one opinion. — 255. Have faith in yourself.
XXIII. The Struggle for Individualist Life.
256. “Their” struggle. — 257. The critical activity of individualists. — 258. Denying in order to assert oneself. — 259. The objection of bourgeois individualism. — 260. The objection of economic insufficiency. — 261. The objection of sterile attitude. — 262. I am susceptible.
XXIV. The side propagandas.
263. The individualist and the “specialties”. — Feminism. — 265. Neo-Malthusianism. — 266. Naturism. — 267. Is this what you call “living”? — 268. Questions of hygiene and nutrition.
XXV. Towards a new humanity?
269. The question of the “future society.” — 270. The drivers of civilization and the achievement of happiness. — 271. The individualist in relation to the future humanity. — 272. The directives of the “future humanity.” — 273. The mentality of the “future humanity.” — 274. The propaganda essential for the advent of the “future humanity.” — 275. The return to the “natural order.” — 276. The false harbingers of the “future humanity.” — 277. Negative attitude of certain individualists towards the “future humanity.” — 278. Caught red-handed in the futurist society? — 279. Freedom as the ultimate solution.
[Working Translations by Shawn P. Wilbur]
INTRODUCTION
This book was composed during a period of detention that lasted for several months. The absolute lack of documents, of points of reference, will serve as an excuse for the lack of coordination, the repetitions and other gaps.
It was not my intention to describe a systematically crafted work, but rather to present to the curious, to the seekers, to the discontented, to the comrades, a series of theses and purely personal opinions concerning subjects that relate to anarchism. Some of them are barely sketched; others are doubtless too developed.
As they are, they represent the outcome of an individual evolution that has lasted many years.
This allows me to predict that these opinions and theses will benefit many. They certainly do not claim to convert masses to anarchist ideas: I repeat, they are personal and oblige only me. The only result I hope for is to lead some readers to a deep reflection and to provoke some of them to the open study of the points touched upon or examined. This will be my greatest joy.
E. A.
PRELIMINARY NOTICE
In 1908 I had a study entitled Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste? published by the press of the Causeries Populaires, then under the influence of Albert Libertad, and I tried in the course of the work to situate the anarchist in the external environment and in his own milieu.
Since then, events have been taking place without ceasing. In the face of errors and confusions, I believe it necessary to deal today not with the “anarchist,” a vague term that often lends itself to misunderstanding, but with the “individualist anarchist,” in relation to the social milieu in general and to anarchist philosophy in particular. This is what I have wanted to explain in the following pages, which are quite different from a rehash of my first work. I add that I have done so without pretension, without an extreme systematization, and I am not unaware that of the theses and opinions expressed, some are barely sketched and others, on the other hand, suffer from excessive development. I am also aware of the repetitions that my work contains. In short, I am convinced that these pages, as they are, can lead many to reflect on the issues discussed and to acquire a personal opinion on “individualist anarchism.”
E. A.
A FEW LINES OF INTRODUCTION
In 1908, I published a study entitled Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste? through the group of “Causeries Populaires,” then under the influence of comrade Libertad. In it, I tried to situate “the anarchist” in relation to their environment and to their own milieu.
Since then, events have advanced. Faced with misunderstandings and confusions, the idea came to me, in the course of the war which ravaged Europe, to locate not the “anarchist”—a term then rather vague and lending itself to ambiguity—but the anarchist individualist, in relation to the social milieu in general and to individualist theory in particular. The detention to which I was then subject did not permit me to complete my project. However, it was realized in part by the publication, in Spanish, of a revision of my first work under the title El Anarquismo individualista, lo que es, puede y vale.
The crisis over, the same ambiguities remain. Many of the best among us do not have the time to look back on the controversies to which “anarchist individualism” has given rise. They lack some of the elements, some of the necessary references to rid that aspect of individualism of the dross, the slag, and the compromises under which some have wished to tarnish it, cloak it, if not make it disappear. In the first place, this work aims to furnish an idea, a representation and a perspective regarding anarchist individualism—its essence and its demands—as clear as my own knowledge of the subject allows. Although I have seen fit, after much thought, to retain a certain number of pages from Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste? the reader will quickly see that this is anything but a simple overhaul of that work. Like that volume, however, several of its chapters have been written in prison—at the cost of some difficulties, alas!
The distinctive character of this volume, what distinguishes it not only from Qu’est-ce qu’un anarchiste? but also from everything that has been published thus far on individualism envisioned from the anti-authoritarian point of view, is its lack of unilateralism, to say nothing of homogeneity. The pages that follow do not develop a single conception: they outline, describe, or at least examine the different manifestations of anti-authoritarian individualist thought and aspirations, from simple anti-statism to the pure negation of society. The tendency that wants the “self” to express itself in a reasonable restriction of needs and a rational simplification of its existence occupies a place in it analogous to that which believes that the flowering the of the “self” is only possible through the intensification of the desires, the Dionysian enjoyment of the pleasures of life. [1] These diverse manifestations respond to, compensate for and compete with one another. They give to the individualist idea, as we understand it, a character of extraordinary grace and flexibility. They differ so much that they appear contradictory. They almost seem mutually exclusive. All things considered, however, the contradictions and oppositions are only apparent. A common bond keeps them cemented together: the negation, rejection, and hatred of domination and exploitation; the absence of obligation, sanction, and encroachment in every domain; the abolition of the constraint of the herd on individual initiative and impulse.
You will understand the reasons that this attempt to reveal the multiple facets of the anarchist individualist thesis has been given the significant title of Initiation: a name that would have been meaningless if it had only been a question of explaining a single aspect of that individualism. That has naturally not prevented me from peppering this volume with very individual interpretations and commentaries on the individualist “way of life.”
But, in my thought, the Individualist Initiation is not simply an acknowledgment, or a briefing, on anarchist individualist thoughts, deeds, and will. This work is an instrument of labor, a tool of propaganda, and a weapon of combat. This explains the frequent repetitions, the numerous retellings, and the repeated demonstrations. I have not wanted to end a paragraph, to pass to a new chapter without striving to say all that could be said on the subject, even at the expense of “style.” [2]
Doubtless, some of the opinions expressed, the propositions set down, and the points of view explained are barely outlined, while others are too developed; however, such as it is, I am convinced that this work could lead many to develop their own idea of anarchist individualism or in any case to meditate seriously on the problems that are posed or considered here. [3]
October 1, 1923.
E. Armand.
[1] The Anarchist Individualist Initiation is divided into two parts, each printed in slightly different type. The first treats the theoretical bases, and the second some practical theses of anarchist individualism. Let us be quick to note that this classification is somewhat arbitrary; in reality–because they are the result of reflection or individual experience–practice and theory constantly aim to find agreement.
[2] At the end of the volume, the reader will find an alphabetical index of references and connections, the compilation of which has been entrusted to the care of comrade Germaine P… It is conceived in a manner to effectively aid in their research, those of the readers of this work who consider it more particularly as an instrument of study.
[3] It goes without saying that the term individualist, used alone, indicates exclusively the anti-authoritarian or anarchist individualist; explicit mention is made where this is not the case.